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2022 monkeypox outbreak in southern England

2022 monkeypox outbreak
Electron micrograph of monkeypox virus
Disease	Human being monkeypox
Virus strain	W African clade of the monkeypox virus (MPV)
Source	Travel from Nigeria (presumed/hypothesis)^[i] ^[ii] ^[3]
Location	Australia Belgium Canada Germany Italian republic Portugal Spain Sweden Great britain United states
First outbreak	London, England
Date	29 Apr 2022 – ongoing
Confirmed cases	85
Suspected cases^‡	40
Severe cases	At least 3 hospitalised
Deaths	0
^‡ Suspected cases accept not been confirmed by laboratory tests every bit existence due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox was first detected in the United Kingdom on 29 Apr 2022 with the presentation of monkeypox symptoms in a British resident who had travelled to Nigeria, where the disease is endemic. The private subsequently returned to the Britain on 4 May, importing the index instance of the outbreak into the country.^[iv]

The source of several of the cases of monkeypox in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland is unknown; however, it appears that community transmission is taking place in the London expanse as of mid-May.^[5] Cases of the virus have too been reported in Due north East England also equally outside the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: 23 in Portugal, one in Sweden, one in Italia, one in Belgium, one in the Usa, seven in Canada, 30 in Espana, one in Germany^[6] and two in Australia as of 20 May 2022.^[7] ^[8]

Groundwork [edit]

Human monkeypox is a viral infection caused past the monkeypox virus (MPV), a relative of now-eradicated smallpox. Monkeypox generally presents with similar symptoms to smallpox, although usually milder; still, the case fatality rate for monkeypox may yet be as high as ten% without prompt treatment.^[9]

Monkeypox is endemic to W and Central Africa.^[10] Prior to the 2022 outbreak, the United kingdom had only recorded vii previous cases of monkeypox,^[eleven] all of which were imported cases from Africa or healthcare workers involved in their treatment. The first three such cases were in 2018,^[12] followed by a further case in 2019^[xiii] and three more in 2021.^[xiv] The only major monkeypox outbreak to exist recorded in a Western country prior to 2022 was the 2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak in the United States; still, this outbreak did non feature community transmission.^[15] ^[16]

Monkeypox is spread primarily through close contact with infectious individuals.^[17] Prior to the 2022 outbreak, monkeypox was not considered to be a sexually transmitted infection. All the same, the rapid spread of the virus between sexual partners in the initial stages of the outbreak has prompted word that sexual intercourse may exist a farther road of transmission.^[5]

Timeline [edit]

United kingdom [edit]

In late April 2022, the instance was reported of a British resident who travelled to Lagos and Delta State in Nigeria^[17] areas in which monkeypox is considered to exist an endemic disease. The private adult symptoms of monkeypox, including a rash, on 29 April while still in Nigeria. They subsequently flew back to the United Kingdom, arriving on 4 May. They presented to hospital later the same solar day; monkeypox infection was immediately suspected, and the private was hospitalised at Guy'south Hospital^[12] and isolated afterward testing positive for the virus.^[17] Testing of patient swab samples by polymerase chain reaction revealed the outbreak to be of the West African clade of monkeypox, which is the less deadly of the two known monkeypox variants with a instance fatality rate of around 1%.^[17]

Extensive contact tracing of people who had been in contact with the index case both on the international flying from Nigeria to the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and inside the state following their arrival was carried out, with potential contacts advised to remain enlightened of the symptoms of monkeypox and immediately isolate if any were to develop inside 21 days of the contact event.^[17] Following this contact tracing endeavor, the Earth Health System (WHO) considered farther manual of the virus within the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland to be of "minimal" risk.^[17]

Contact tracing in response to the case was extended to Scotland on xiv May according to Public Wellness Scotland. A "small number" of people in Scotland were ordered to self-isolate following close contact with the person initially reported to take been infected, although overall risk to the full general public remained "very low".^[12]

Two new cases of monkeypox were confirmed past the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) on 12 May, both of which were in London.^[18] These 2 individuals lived together in the same household; all the same, there was no known link betwixt either of them and either the index case or travel to owned regions. I of the new cases was hospitalised at St Mary's Hospital, while the other case with milder symptoms was said to be self-isolating at dwelling.^[18]

Four additional cases of monkeypox were confirmed by the UKHSA on 17 May, three of which were in London plus one instance in Due north East England who had previously travelled to London.^[xix] None of these new cases had any known contact history with the previous 3 confirmed cases, suggesting that wider community manual of the virus was at present underway in the London area. However, the UKHSA stated that the risk to the general public remained "very low".^[nineteen] ^[5] Patients with agile monkeypox infection were confirmed to be hospitalised at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne and at the Majestic Free Hospital and Guy'south Hospital in London.^[19]

Cases in Europe, North America and Australia [edit]

On May xviii in Portugal, fourteen cases of monkeypox were reported past health government out of total of 20 suspected cases, with two samples still awaiting for test results.^[xx] In Spain, at that place are 7 confirmed cases equally of May 18.^[21] On the same 24-hour interval, the The states confirmed its first 2022 instance of monkeypox and Canada reported xiii suspected cases.^[22] ^[23]

On May 19, Sweden and Belgium reported their first cases of monkeypox,^[24] ^[25] while Italian republic confirmed its first case in a traveller who had arrived from the Canary Islands.^[26] A suspected instance was reported in France.^[27] A genomic assay conducted on a case in Portugal places the virus infecting that patient in the West African clade, finding it most closely related to viruses associated with cases exported from Nigeria in 2018 and 2019.^[28]

Post-obit the detection of a instance in Massachusetts the previous twenty-four hour period, the United States on May 19 placed a $119 million order for 13 million monkeypox vaccines from Bavarian Nordic.^[29]

On May 20, Australia reported its get-go suspected case, in a homo who brutal sick afterwards returning from travel in Europe.^[30] A 2nd example was too confirmed on the same day. The cases were identified as being in Melbourne and Sydney. Both were recently returned from travel in Europe.^[31] Germany confirmed its get-go case on the same day.^[six]

Cases by country and territory
Country	Confirmed	Suspected	Last update	Beginning confirmed case
Australia	2	—	20 May 2022^[8]	20 May 2022^[32]
Belgium	2	0	twenty May 2022 ^[33]	19 May 2022 ^[25]
Canada	2	fifteen	19 May 2022^[34]	nineteen May 2022^[35]
France	—	ane	19 May 2022^[36]	—
Frg	i	—	twenty May 2022^[6]	20 May 2022^[6]
Italian republic	3	0	20 May 2022^[37]	nineteen May 2022^[37]
Portugal	23	—	20 May 2022^[38]	eighteen May 2022^[39]
Spain	thirty	23	xx May 2022^[40]	eighteen May 2022^[41]
Sweden	1	—	19 May 2022^[42]	nineteen May 2022^[42]
Great britain	20	—	20 May 2022^[43]	four May 2022^[44]
U.s.a.	1	1	xix May 2022^[45]	18 May 2022^[46]
Total	85	40

References [edit]

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^ Linda Spice, "13 Sick Subsequently Prairie Domestic dog Contact; Milwaukee Pet Store Employee, Two OthersRemain Hospitalized," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, June 6, 2003.
^ Todd Richmond. Four Become Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs." Associated Press. six/11/2003.
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